NBSINFRA Prague

globals [
    ;; seasons ;;
   season ; conditions of weather, temperature, humidity in different seasons of the year

  ;; soil water retention variables ;;
   soil_humidity
   soil_suction ; related to soil humidity

  ;; vegetation variables ;;
   ntree_num  ; number of patches with trees of naturally green areas
   nshrub_num ; number of patches with shrubs of naturally green areas
   nveg_ratio ; ratio of trees over shrubs of naturally green areas
   fshrub_num ; number of patches with vegetation of fluvial areas
   utree_num  ; number of patches with trees of urban green areas
   ushrub_num ; number of patches with shrubs of urban green areas
   uveg_ratio ; ratio of trees over shrubs of urban green areas

   flora ; IVI, composite index to monitor the diversity and density of flora species
   veg_cover ; ratio between vegetation elements (vgts) and total area (patches)
   ideal_veg ; intial IVI at tick 0, estimated at 79.33 for woody plants in urban green spaces by Muthulingam & Thangavel, 2012
   current_regeneration_rate ; the regeneration rate of every tick, as defined by soil humidity and fertility
   sfi ; soil fertility index calculated as: SFI= organic C% + pH adjusted from Panwar et al. 2011
   ideal_sfi ;  soil fertility index for min carbon content 5% and max soil acidity 6.0
   vegetation   ; composite index to monitor the condition of the flora and the soil fertility

  ;; biodiversity variables ;;
   flora_diversity ; Shannon's divesity index (H') -Σp*lnp (Morris et al. 2014) at the beginning of the simulation
   fl_d ; Shannon's divesity index (H') at every tick
   d_1
   d_2
   d_3
   d_4
   d_5
   fauna_diversity ; correlated to flora_diversity and soil quality according to Qian 2007
   fn_d ; fauna diversity at every tick
   ideal_biodiversity ; ideal biodiversity value calculated at the begginging of the run
   biodiversity ; total biodiversity performance index assessed in every tick

  ;; community variables ;;
   initial_community_index ; density of people attracted by culture and recreation at the beginning of the run
   community_index ; density of people attracted by culture and recreation in every tick
   community ; assessed community index (percentage difference form initial state) in every tick

  ;; air quality variables ;;
   air          ; composite index to monitor the quality of air (cooling + aqii)
   air_sample ; total patches of atmosphere in contact with NBS area - sample for the assessment
   cool_patches ; total patches of atmosphere in contact with vegetation agents (vgts)
   aqii ; composite index Air Quality Impact Index (AQII) by Datta et al. 2021,
       ;adjusted only for the physical characterisits of plants
       ;assuming that all examined plants have similar Air Pollution Tolerance Index (API)
   ideal_aqii ; reference AQII index for the specific NBS

  ;;; ECOSYSYEM SERVICES ;;;
 regulating ; services that regulate the elements and functions of the examined ecosystem
   erosion_control_value ;
   gas_regulation_value ;
   microclimate_regulation_value ;
   nutrient_cycling_value ;
   pollination_value ;
   refugia_value ;
   soil_formation_value ;
   water_regulation_value ;
   waste_treatment_value ;
 provisioning ; services that provide additional properties to the examined ecosystem
   food_production_value ;
   genetic_resources_value ;
   raw_materials_value ;
   water_savings_value ;
cultural ; services that provide cultural, recreational, aesthetic aspects to the examined ecosystems
   cultural_use_value ;
   recreation_value
]

 ;; BUTTONS, SWITCHES, AND SLIDERS ;;

  ;; NBS Alternatives defined by the City Lab of Prague ;;
  ; bioswales ; and rain gardens, show size and depths
  ; green_roofs ; typology of green roof (extensive vs intensive) hybrid green roof and grey water recycling
  ; green_facades ; dimension and type of green façade
  ; green_enhancement ;  additional trees and wildflower meadows, different selection and location of trees, area and location of wildflower meadows
  ; permeable_pavement ;  area, location and materials of permeable pavements,

  ;soil_temperature ; absolute temperature of soil as estimated per season
  ;NBS_attractiveness ; quantitive estimation of attractiveness of local community to NBS infrastructure

breed [nvgts nvgt]
breed [uvgts uvgt]
breed [fvgts fvgt]
breed [ppls ppl]
breed [anms anm]

patches-own

[
  is-natural?  ;whether a patch represents natural green surface
  is-urban?    ;whether a patch represents urban green surface
  is-fluvial?  ;whether a patch represents fluvial surface
  is-agric?    ;whether a patch represents agricultutal surface
  is-paved?    ;whether a patch represents paved surface
  is-perm?     ;whether a patch represents a permeable surface
  atmosphere?  ;whether a patch represents atmospheric volume

; related to cultural / social aspects
  imp-bld?   ;whether a patch represents an important building such as the library

; related to soil water retention
  surface      ; composite index of surface characterisitcs (LID BMP parameter)
               ; storage depth/berm height/barrel height, vegetation volume, surface roughness, surface slope
  soil         ; composite index of soil characterisitcs (LID BMP parameter)
               ; wilting point, humidity
  soil_water_retention ; index combining both the surfance and soil indices
  surface_roughness; 0.1 for soil and different vegetation roughness
  ideal_roughness; 0.1 for RG
  vegetation_volume ; average size of vegetation agents in radius 3 of the examined patch
  ideal_vegetation_volume ;5/100 for RG
  ideal_soil_humidity; 0.32 /32% for normal clay (Minnesota Stormwater Manual, 2022)
  s_h; soil humidity of patches
  max_soil_humidity; 0.45 for average normal clay
  wilting_point; 0.20 minimum amount of water in the soil that the plant requires not to wilt
  min_wilting_point; 0.15 for normal clay (Minnesota Stormwater Manual, 2022)
  ideal_soil_suction ; max soil suction for 32% relative humidity in 25oC

 ; related to vegetation
  organic_content; percnetage of organic material in soil, necessary for the vegetation

 ; related to air quality - cooling due to shading and evapotranspiration and reduction of the pollution levels
  cooling    ; percentage of air patches with reduced temperature * mean temperature reduction
  cool_dif ; absolute mean temperature difference during daytime determined by Kim et al. 2024
  air_temperature ; temperature of patches of air
]

turtles-own
[
  aqii_habit ; subindex of tree habit, based on plant's appearance, growth form and architecture
  aqii_canopy ; density of canopy structure: sparse-semidense-dense
  aqii_leaf ; Leaf Area Index (LAI) for each species

  original_size ; the reference size of vegetation agents at the beginning of the run
]

to setup
  clear-all
  import-pcolors "Dejvice map.png"
  setup-model
  setup-vegetation
  setup-soil-water-retention
  setup-community
  setup-biodiversity
  setup-NBS_alternatives

  reset-ticks
end 

to go
  assess-soil-water-retention
  assess-vegetation
  assess-biodiversity
  assess-community
  assess-air
  assess-ES
  if heatwave?
     [heatwave
      recover_heatwave]

  tick

  if ticks >= 10
    [stop]
end 

;;; SETUP PROCEDURES ;;;  SETUP PROCEDURES ;;;  SETUP PROCEDURES ;;;

to setup-model

  ask patches
    [set is-natural? false
     set is-urban? false
     set is-fluvial? false
     set is-paved? false
     set is-perm? false
     set atmosphere? false ]

;; setup buildings
  ask patches with [pcolor > 6 and pcolor < 9]
    [set pcolor grey
     set is-paved? true
      ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor < 3]
         [set pcolor grey
          set is-paved? true]]

ask (patch-set patch -22 10 1 patch -23 10 1 patch -24 10 1
               patch -21 9 1 patch -22 9 1 patch -23 9 1 patch -24 9 1 patch -25 9 1
               patch -20 8 1 patch -21 8 1 patch -22 8 1 patch -23 8 1 patch -24 8 1 patch -25 8 1 patch -26 8 1
               patch -20 7 1 patch -21 7 1 patch -22 7 1 patch -23 7 1 patch -24 7 1 patch -25 7 1 patch -26 7 1 patch -27 7 1
               patch -19 6 1 patch -20 6 1 patch -21 6 1 patch -22 6 1 patch -23 6 1 patch -24 6 1 patch -25 6 1 patch -26 6 1 patch -27 6 1
               patch -19 5 1 patch -20 5 1 patch -21 5 1 patch -22 5 1 patch -23 5 1 patch -24 5 1 patch -25 5 1 patch -26 5 1 patch -27 5 1
               patch -21 4 1 patch -22 4 1 patch -23 4 1 patch -24 4 1 patch -25 4 1 patch -26 4 1 patch -27 4 1 patch -28 4 1
               patch -21 3 1 patch -22 3 1 patch -23 3 1 patch -26 3 1 patch -27 3 1 patch -28 3 1 patch -29 3 1
               patch -22 2 1 patch -27 2 1 patch -28 2 1 patch -29 2 1 patch -30 2 1
               patch -28 1 1 patch -29 1 1 patch -30 1 1 patch -31 1 1
               patch -29 0 1 patch -30 0 1 patch -31 0 1
               patch -30 -1 1 patch -31 -1 1 patch -32 -1 1
               patch -30 -2 1 patch -31 -2 1 patch -32 -2 1 patch -33 -2 1
               patch -31 -3 1 patch -32 -3 1 patch -33 -3 1 patch -34 -3 1
               patch -32 -4 1 patch -33 -4 1

               patch -15 19 1
               patch -14 18 1 patch -15 18 1 patch -16 18 1
               patch -13 17 1 patch -14 17 1 patch -15 17 1
               patch -12 16 1 patch -13 16 1 patch -14 16 1
               patch -11 15 1 patch -12 15 1 patch -13 15 1
               patch -10 14 1 patch -11 14 1 patch -12 14 1 patch -13 14 1
               patch -11 13 1

               patch 14 -3 1
               patch 13 -2 1 patch 14 -2 1 patch 15 -2 1
               patch 14 -1 1 patch 15 -1 1 patch 16 -1 1
               patch 15 0 1 patch 16 0 1 patch 17 0 1
               patch 16 1 1 patch 17 1 1 patch 18 1 1
               patch 17 2 1 patch 18 2 1

               patch 21 -8 1
               patch 20 -7 1 patch 21 -7 1 patch 22 -7 1
               patch 21 -6 1 patch 22 -6 1 patch 23 -6 1
               patch 22 -5 1 patch 23 -5 1 patch 24 -5 1
               patch 23 -4 1 patch 24 -4 1
               patch 23 -3 1

               patch 27 -13 1 patch 28 -13 1
               patch 27 -12 1 patch 28 -12 1 patch 29 -12 1
               patch 28 -11 1 patch 29 -11 1 patch 30 -11 1
               patch 29 -10 1 patch 30 -10 1
               patch 30 -9 1 patch 31 -9 1)

  [ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 3]
     [set pcolor grey
      set is-paved? true]
  ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 4]
     [set pcolor grey
      set is-paved? true]
  ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 5]
     [set pcolor grey
      set is-paved? true]]

ask (patch-set patch -8 27 1 patch -7 27 1
               patch -9 26 1 patch -8 26 1 patch -7 26 1 patch -6 26 1 patch -5 26 1
               patch -10 25 1 patch -9 25 1 patch -8 25 1 patch -7 25 1 patch -6 25 1 patch -5 25 1 patch -4 25 1 patch -3 25 1
               patch -11 24 1 patch -10 24 1 patch -9 24 1 patch -8 24 1 patch -7 24 1 patch -6 24 1 patch -5 24 1 patch -4 24 1 patch -3 24 1
               patch -12 23 1 patch -11 23 1 patch -10 23 1 patch -9 23 1 patch -8 23 1 patch -7 23 1 patch -6 23 1 patch -5 23 1 patch -4 23 1 patch -3 23 1 patch -2 23 1
               patch -12 22 1 patch -11 22 1 patch -10 22 1 patch -9 22 1 patch -8 22 1 patch -7 22 1 patch -6 22 1 patch -5 22 1 patch -4 22 1 patch -3 22 1 patch -2 22 1
               patch -12 21 1 patch -11 21 1 patch -10 21 1 patch -9 21 1 patch -8 21 1 patch -5 21 1 patch -4 21 1 patch -3 21 1 patch -2 21 1
               patch -11 20 1 patch -10 20 1 patch -9 20 1 patch -4 20 1 patch -3 20 1
               patch -10 19 1)
  [ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 3]
     [set pcolor grey
      set is-paved? true]]

;; setup urban green speces
  ask patches with [pcolor > 50 and pcolor < 65]
     [set pcolor 57
      set is-urban? true
      set is-paved? false]

  ask patches with [pxcor >= -3 and pxcor < 13 and pycor > -1 and pycor < 12 and pzcor = 2 and is-paved? = true]
    [ ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 3]
           [set pcolor 57
            set is-urban? true
            set is-paved? false] ]

  ask (patch-set patch -8 21 3 patch -7 22 3 patch -6 22 3 patch -5 21 3 patch -4 20 3 patch -3 20 3 patch -2 21 3 patch -2 22 3 patch -2 23 3 patch -3 24 3 patch -3 25 3 patch -4 25 3 patch -5 26 3
                 patch -6 26 3 patch -7 27 3 patch -8 27 3 patch -8 26 3 patch -9 26 3 patch -10 25 3 patch -10 24 3  patch -11 24 3
                 patch -12 24 3 patch -12 23 3 patch -12 22 3 patch -12 21 3 patch -11 20 3 patch -10 19 3 patch -9 20 3 patch -9 21 3   )
    [ ask patches with [pxcor = [pxcor] of myself and pycor = [pycor] of myself and pzcor = 4]
           [set pcolor 57
            set is-urban? true
            set is-paved? false] ]

  ask patches with [is-urban? = false and pzcor = 0]
    [set pcolor 9
     set is-paved? true]

 ;; setup atmosphere
  ask patches with [pzcor > 0 and is-paved? = false]
    [set atmosphere? true
     set air_temperature soil_temperature]

  ask patch 10 0 3
    [set is-urban? false
     set pcolor 0
     set atmosphere? true
     set air_temperature soil_temperature]
end 

to setup-vegetation

  ;;; setup the trees ;;;
  ask (patch-set patch 0 -4 0 patch -1 -3 0 patch -2 -2 0 patch -3 -1 0 patch -4 0 0 patch -5 1 0 patch -6 2 0 patch -7 3 0
                 patch 12 -14 0 patch 13 -15 0 patch 14 -16 0
                 patch 18 -19 0 patch 19 -20 0 patch 20 -21 0 patch 21 -22 0)
    [sprout-nvgts 1 [set color green
                     set zcor 1
                     set shape "circle"
                     set size 1.5
                     set aqii_leaf 3 ]]

  ;;; setup shrubs and flowers ;;;

 ask (patch-set patch -9 1 0 patch -8 0 0 patch -7 -1 0 patch -6 -2 0 patch -4 -3 0 patch -3 -4 0 patch -2 -5 0 patch -1 -6 0  patch -1 -7 0 patch -1 -8 0
                patch 5 -8 0 patch 6 -9 0 patch 6 -8 0 patch 7 -10 0 patch 7 -9 0
                patch 7 -15 0 patch 7 -14 0 patch 9 -17 0 patch 10 -17 0 patch 10 -16 0 patch 13 -18 0 patch 13 -19 0 patch 16 -22 0
                patch -15 -34 0 patch -15 -37 0 patch -15 -38 0 patch -15 -39 0
                patch -11 -29 0 patch -10 -29 0 patch -9 -29 0
                patch -10 -22 0 patch -11 -23 0 patch -11 -24 0 patch -10 -25 0 patch -9 -26 0 patch -8 -26 0 patch -7 -26 0
                patch -41 -30 0 patch -40 -30 0 patch -39 -30 0
                patch -15 27 0 patch -13 29 0 patch -12 30 0 patch -14 38 0 patch -13 37 0 patch -12 35 0 patch -11 35 0
                patch 14 -33 0 patch 13 -33 0 patch 11 -32 0 patch 10 -32 0)
        [sprout-uvgts 1 [set color 57
                         set zcor 0.7
                         set shape "circle"
                         set size 0.25
                         forward 0.5
                         set aqii_leaf 1 ]]

 ask (patch-set patch 14 -39 0 patch 12 -36 0 patch 11 -36 0 patch 10 -35 0 patch 9 -35 0 patch 8 -35 0)
         [sprout-uvgts 1 [set color green
                          set zcor 0.7
                          set shape "circle"
                          set size 0.45
                          forward 0.5
                          set aqii_leaf 1.5]]
end 

to setup-soil-water-retention

  ask patches with [pzcor = 0]
  [set ideal_vegetation_volume 0.05
   set ideal_roughness 0.1
   set ideal_soil_humidity 0.32
   set s_h ideal_soil_humidity
   set max_soil_humidity 0.40
   set min_wilting_point 0.15
   set ideal_soil_suction -0.00001 * ((8.314 * 298)/ 1 * 18.016) * ln(0.32)]

  ask patches with [is-urban? = true and pzcor != 0]
  [set ideal_vegetation_volume 0.50
   set ideal_roughness 0.15
   set ideal_soil_humidity 0.32
   set s_h ideal_soil_humidity
   set max_soil_humidity 0.40
   set min_wilting_point 0.15
   set ideal_soil_suction -0.00001 * ((8.314 * 298)/ 1 * 18.016) * ln(0.32)]

  ask patches with [s_h > 0]
    [set soil_humidity mean [s_h] of patches with [s_h > 0] ];set this variable to specific number for quick runs

ifelse soil_humidity != 0
  [set soil_suction -0.00001 * ((8.314 * soil_temperature)/ 1 * 18.016) * ln(soil_humidity)]
  [set soil_suction -0.00001 * (8.314 * soil_temperature)/ 1 * 18.016 ]

  ask patches with [s_h > 0 and any? nvgts-here or any? uvgts-here or any? fvgts-here in-radius 2]
        [set vegetation_volume mean [size] of (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts) in-radius 2]

 ask patches
     [ifelse vegetation_volume > 0.001
        [set surface_roughness vegetation_volume ]
        [set surface_roughness 0.10]  ]

  ask patches with [is-natural? = true]
      [set organic_content 28]
  ask patches with [is-urban? = true]
     [set organic_content 8]
  ask patches with [is-fluvial? = true]
     [set organic_content 10]
  ask patches with [is-paved? = true]
     [set organic_content 0]
end 

to setup-biodiversity

   let vgts (turtle-set nvgts fvgts uvgts)
   ask vgts
       [ifelse any? nvgts with [size <= 1]
            [let diversity_1 (count nvgts with [size <= 1] / count vgts)
             set d_1 -1 * diversity_1 * ln diversity_1] ; Shannon's divesity index (H') in Morris et al. 2014
            [set d_1 0]
        ifelse any? nvgts with [size > 1]
            [let diversity_2 (count nvgts with [size > 1] / count vgts)
             set d_2 -1 * diversity_2 * ln diversity_2]
            [set d_2 0]
        ifelse any? fvgts
            [let diversity_3 (count fvgts / count vgts)
             set d_3 -1 * diversity_3 * ln diversity_3 ]
            [set d_3 0]
        ifelse any? uvgts with [size <= 0.30]
           [let diversity_4 (count uvgts with [size <= 0.30] / count vgts)
            set d_4 -1 * diversity_4 * ln diversity_4]
           [set d_4 0]
        ifelse any? uvgts with [size > 0.30]
           [let diversity_5 (count uvgts with [size > 0.30] / count vgts)
            set d_5 -1 * diversity_5 * ln diversity_5]
           [set d_5 0]

        set flora_diversity d_1 + d_2 + d_3 + d_4 + d_5 ]

     set ideal_biodiversity flora_diversity
end 

to setup-community


;; community agents ;;
 ;all buidlings in the campus share the same level of importance for the university community

  ask patches with [count (neighbors with [pzcor = 0 and is-paved? = false]) > 2]
      [sprout-ppls NBS_attractiveness [set color orange
                                       set zcor [pzcor] of myself
                                       set shape "square"
                                       set size 0.10
                                        forward 1]]

  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts)
  ask patches with [pzcor = 0 and is-paved? = false and any? vgts = true]
      [sprout-ppls NBS_attractiveness * 2 [set color orange
                                           set zcor [pzcor] of myself
                                           set shape "square"
                                           set size 0.10
                                           forward 1]]

  set initial_community_index count ppls / count patches with [pzcor = 0]
end 

to setup-NBS_alternatives

;; setup bioswales and rain gardens
  if bioswales = true
    [ask n-of (bs_area / 49) patches with [is-urban? = true and count neighbors6 with [is-paved? = false] > 2 and pzcor = 0]
       [set is-fluvial? true
        set pcolor cyan
        set vegetation_volume 0.80
        set surface_roughness 0.80
        set ideal_soil_humidity 0.50
        sprout-fvgts 3 [set color cyan
                        set zcor 0.50
                        set size random-float 0.50
                        forward 0.5 ]
       set max_soil_humidity 0.70]

       set satisfaction_level (1 + (bs_area / 49) * satisfaction_level / 300) * satisfaction_level]

  ;; setup green roofs
  if green_roofs = true
    [if gr_type = "ext"
      [ask n-of (gr_area / 49) patches with [is-urban? = true and pzcor > 0]
          [sprout-uvgts 3 [set color green
                           set shape "circle"
                           set zcor pzcor + 0.5
                           set size random-float 0.5
                           set aqii_leaf 1.5]
          set vegetation_volume 0.60
          set surface_roughness 0.60
          set max_soil_humidity 0.40 ]]

      if gr_type = "int"
        [ask n-of (gr_area / 49) patches with [is-urban? = true and pzcor > 0]
            [sprout-uvgts 4 [set color green
                             set shape "circle"
                             set zcor pzcor + 0.5
                             set size random-float 1.5
                             set aqii_leaf 2]
          set vegetation_volume 0.80
          set surface_roughness 0.80
          set max_soil_humidity 0.40 ]] ]

  ;; setup green facades
  if green_facades = true
    [ask n-of ((gf_area / 49) / 4) patches with [is-paved? = true and pzcor > 0 and any? neighbors6 with [atmosphere? = true]]
      [sprout-uvgts 2 [set color green
                      set ycor pycor + 0.5
                      set xcor pxcor + 0.5
                      set size random-float 0.5
                      set aqii_leaf 1.5
                      forward 0.5]
      ask patches in-radius 1 with [is-paved? = true and pzcor > 0 and any? neighbors6 with [atmosphere? = true]]
          [sprout-uvgts 2 [set color green
                           set ycor pycor + 0.50
                           set xcor pxcor + 0.50
                           set size random-float 0.5
                           set aqii_leaf 1.5
                           forward 0.50]] ]
    set satisfaction_level (1 + (bs_area / 49) * satisfaction_level / 500) * satisfaction_level]

  ;; setup green engancement
    if green_enhancement = true
      [ask n-of (ge_area / 49) patches with [is-urban? = true and pzcor = 0]
        [ifelse count neighbors6 with [is-paved? = false] > 2
             [sprout-nvgts 1 [set color green
                              set zcor 1
                              set size random-float 1.0
                              set aqii_leaf 2]
              sprout-uvgts 2 [set color green
                              set zcor 0.5
                              set size random-float 0.7
                              set aqii_leaf 1] ]
             [sprout-uvgts 4 [set color green
                              set zcor 0.5
                              set size random-float 0.5
                              set aqii_leaf 1.5]]
          set vegetation_volume 0.60
          set surface_roughness 0.60
          set max_soil_humidity 0.40]

        set satisfaction_level (1 + (ge_area / 49) * satisfaction_level / 100) * satisfaction_level ]

  ;; setup permeable pavement
    if permeable_pavement = true
      [ask n-of (pp_area / 49) patches with [is-paved? = true and count neighbors6 with [is-urban? = true or is-fluvial? = true] > 1 ]
          [set is-perm? true
           set pcolor brown
           set surface_roughness 0.40
           set organic_content 8
           set max_soil_humidity 0.60]]
end 

;;; ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ;;;  ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ;;;  ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES ;;;

to assess-soil-water-retention


    ask patches with [ideal_vegetation_volume > 0]
       [set surface (((vegetation_volume - ideal_vegetation_volume)/ ideal_vegetation_volume) / 2 +
                     ((surface_roughness - ideal_roughness) / ideal_roughness) / 2 ) * 100

        set soil (((max_soil_humidity - s_h) / ideal_soil_humidity) / 3 +
                  ((s_h - min_wilting_point ) / min_wilting_point) / 3 +
                  ((soil_suction) / ideal_soil_suction) / 3 ) * 100 ]

  ask patches
    [set soil_water_retention (surface / 2) + (soil / 2)]
end 

to assess-vegetation

  ask patches with [organic_content > 0]
    [ifelse organic_content > 0 ;and soil_humidity > 0 min_wilting_point and soil_humidity < max_soil_humidity
       [set sfi (organic_content / 100) + (soil_humidity / min_wilting_point) + (max_soil_humidity / soil_humidity)] ;average soil pH at 6.5
       [set sfi 0]
     set ideal_sfi 21.785 + (32 / 15) + (60 / 32)] ;21.785 :mean [organic_content] of patches of the ground

  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts)
  set veg_cover (count patches with [s_h > 0 and is-paved? = false] / count patches with [s_h > 0]) / 2 +
                ((count vgts * mean [size] of vgts) / count patches with [s_h > 0]) / 2


     set ideal_veg 0.25 ; count patches with [is-natural? ] * 3 / count patches with [s_h > 0] ] 30% grass and 20% tree cover Meili 2021
   if ideal_veg > 0 ;; set a standard ideal_veg for this type of city
     [set flora (veg_cover - ideal_veg) / ideal_veg] ;

   let sfi_perf (sfi - ideal_sfi / ideal_sfi)
   set vegetation flora + sfi_perf
end 

to assess-biodiversity

  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts)
  ask (vgts)
       [ifelse any? nvgts with [size <= 1]
            [let diversity_1 (count nvgts with [size <= 1] / count vgts)
             set d_1 -1 * diversity_1 * ln diversity_1] ; Shannon's divesity index (H') in Morris et al. 2014
            [set d_1 0]
        ifelse any? nvgts with [size > 1]
            [let diversity_2 (count nvgts with [size > 1] / count vgts)
             set d_2 -1 * diversity_2 * ln diversity_2]
            [set d_2 0]
        ifelse any? fvgts
            [let diversity_3 (count fvgts / count vgts)
             set d_3 -1 * diversity_3 * ln diversity_3 ]
            [set d_3 0]
        ifelse any? uvgts with [size <= 0.30]
           [let diversity_4 (count uvgts with [size <= 0.30] / count vgts)
            set d_4 -1 * diversity_4 * ln diversity_4]
           [set d_4 0]
        ifelse any? uvgts with [size > 0.30]
           [let diversity_5 (count uvgts with [size > 0.30] / count vgts)
            set d_5 -1 * diversity_5 * ln diversity_5]
           [set d_5 0]

        set fl_d d_1 + d_2 + d_3 + d_4 + d_5 ]

  set biodiversity ((fl_d) - ideal_biodiversity ) / ideal_biodiversity
end 

to assess-community

  ask ppls [forward 1]
  ask patches with [is-paved? = true and any? ppls-here = true]
        [ask ppls-here [die]]

  ask patches with [count (neighbors with [pzcor = 0 and is-paved? = false ]) > 2 and any? ppls-here = false]
      [sprout-ppls NBS_attractiveness [set color orange
                                       set zcor [pzcor] of myself
                                       set shape "square"
                                       set size 0.10
                                        forward 1]]

  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts)
  ask patches with [pzcor = 0 and is-paved? = false and any? vgts = true and any? ppls-here = false]
      [sprout-ppls NBS_attractiveness * 2 [set color orange
                                           set zcor [pzcor] of myself
                                           set shape "square"
                                           set size 0.10
                                           forward 1]]

 set community_index count ppls / count patches with [pzcor = 0]
 set community (community_index - initial_community_index)/ initial_community_index

 ask ppls [forward 1]
end 

to assess-air
    let vgts (turtle-set nvgts fvgts uvgts)

  ask vgts
    [ask patches in-radius (3 * [size] of self) with [atmosphere? = true]
      [if temperature_variation = "<10"
        [set cool_dif -1.5]
      if temperature_variation = "10-20"
        [set cool_dif -0.9]
      if temperature_variation = "20-30"
        [set cool_dif -0.8]]]

   ask vgts with [size <= 0.5]
    [set aqii_habit 1
     set aqii_canopy 1]
  ask vgts with [size > 0.5 and size < 1]
    [set aqii_habit 2
     set aqii_canopy 2]
   ask vgts with [size >= 1]
    [set aqii_habit 3
     set aqii_canopy 3]

  set ideal_aqii count vgts * (reference_habit + reference_canopy + mean [aqii_leaf] of vgts)

  ask patches with [atmosphere? = true]
      [set air_sample count patches with [atmosphere? = true]]

  set cool_patches count patches with [atmosphere? = true and any? nvgts-here = true or any? uvgts-here = true or any? fvgts-here = true] * 8 * mean [size] of vgts
  let cool_p patches with [atmosphere? = true and any? nvgts-here = true or any? uvgts-here = true or any? fvgts-here = true]
  ask cool_p
    [ifelse air_temperature > 298
      [set air_temperature (air_temperature + cool_dif)]
      [set air_temperature 298]]

 diffuse cool_dif 1


  ask patches with [atmosphere? = true]
        [set cooling (cool_patches / air_sample) * (-1 * cool_dif) * 100]

  ask vgts
    [set aqii mean [aqii_habit] of vgts + mean [aqii_canopy] of vgts + 3
     set air ((aqii - ideal_aqii) / ideal_aqii) + (cooling)]
end 

to assess-ES

  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts fvgts uvgts)

  ifelse erosion_control = true
    [set erosion_control_value mean [soil_water_retention] of patches ]
    [set erosion_control_value 0]
  ifelse gas_regulation = true
    [set gas_regulation_value aqii]
    [set gas_regulation_value 0 ]
  ifelse microclimate_regulation = true
    [set microclimate_regulation_value mean [cooling] of patches ]
    [set microclimate_regulation_value 0]
  ifelse nutrient_cycling = true
    [set nutrient_cycling_value (sfi - ideal_sfi / ideal_sfi)] ;soil reftility perfomance
    [set nutrient_cycling_value 0]
  ifelse pollination = true
    [set pollination_value (cool_patches / count patches with [atmosphere? = true]) ]
    [set pollination_value 0]
  ifelse refugia = true
    [set refugia_value 1 * (count vgts * 10 / count patches with [is-paved? = false and atmosphere? = false]) ] ; Abd-Allah et al. 2012
    [set refugia_value 0]
  ifelse soil_formation = true
    [set soil_formation_value mean [soil] of patches]
    [set soil_formation_value 0]
  ifelse water_regulation = true
    [set water_regulation_value 0.10 * abs ((mean [soil_suction] of patches - mean [ideal_soil_suction] of patches) / mean [ideal_soil_suction] of patches) ]
    [set water_regulation_value 0]


  set regulating (erosion_control_value + gas_regulation_value + microclimate_regulation_value + nutrient_cycling_value + pollination_value + refugia_value + soil_formation_value + water_regulation_value ) / 8 ; average of all regulating services

  ifelse genetic_resources = true
    [set genetic_resources_value (0.001 * count vgts) + (0.001 * count vgts * 10)]
    [set genetic_resources_value 0]
  ifelse raw_materials_value = true
    [set raw_materials_value 0.1 * count vgts]
    [set raw_materials_value 0]
  ifelse water_savings = true
    [set water_savings_value (mean [soil_water_retention] of patches / 10) ]
    [set water_savings_value 0]

  set provisioning (genetic_resources_value + raw_materials_value + water_savings_value) / 3 ; average of all provisioning services

  ifelse cultural_use = true
    [set cultural_use_value 0.10 * usage_level * count ppls / 1000 ]
    [set cultural_use_value 0]
  ifelse recreation = true
    [set recreation_value veg_cover * satisfaction_level * count ppls / 1000]
    [set recreation_value 0]

  set cultural (cultural_use_value + recreation_value) / 2 ; average of all cultural services
end 

;;; RECOVERY PROCEDURES OF NBS ;;; RECOVERY PROCEDURES OF NBS;;;  RECOVERY PROCEDURES OF NBS;;;

to recover_heatwave
  ask patches
    [set soil_temperature air_temperature]

  ask patches with [atmosphere? = true]
    [ifelse air_temperature - 298 > 0
          [set air_temperature air_temperature - 0.5 ]
          [set air_temperature 298]

  if hw_temperature - 298 <= 10
     [set cool_dif -1.5]
  if hw_temperature - 298 > 10 and hw_temperature - 298 <= 20
     [set cool_dif -0.9]
  if hw_temperature - 298 > 20 and hw_temperature - 298 <= 30
     [set cool_dif -0.8] ]
end 

;;; DISRUPTIVE EVENTS ;;; DISRUPTIVE EVENTS ;;; DISRUPTIVE EVENTS ;;;

to heatwave
  let vgts (turtle-set nvgts uvgts fvgts)

  if heatwave? = true and ticks = 1
    [ask patches with [is-paved? = true]
      [set soil_temperature hw_temperature * 1.2]
     ask patches with [is-paved? = false and atmosphere? = false]
      [set soil_temperature air_temperature
       set s_h hw_humidity]
      ask uvgts
        [ask n-of ((hw_temperature - 298) / 10) uvgts [die]]
     ask patches with [atmosphere? = true]
      [set air_temperature hw_temperature]
     ask ppls
       [ask n-of ((abs(hw_temperature - 298)) * 0.1) ppls [die]]

    set satisfaction_level satisfaction_level * (1 - (abs (hw_temperature - 298) / 100))
    set NBS_attractiveness NBS_attractiveness * (1 - (abs (hw_temperature - 298) / 100))]
end